Works Cited
Primary Sources
American Missionary Association. Jubilee Singers, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn. between 1870 and
1880. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan.
2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647805/>. This photograph is a very reliable
primary source. There is no bias in this source because the anonymous author is not picking a
side or persuading the viewer into something. This supports the thesis because it shows the
original singer of a very famous slave song "Wade in the Water".
Bensell, Edmund Birckhead. The Day of Jubelo. 1865. Library of Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647792/>. This piece of artwork is a primary
source. There appears to be no bias. This artwork is not encouraging anything, it is only
showing a few African- Americans dancing and children playing. This artwork helps create an
image of what instruments slaves would have danced too, like banjos. It also shows how music
increased the lively hood amongst slaves.
Bibb, Henry. Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave. New York:
Author, 1849. Documenting the American South. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/
neh/bibb/bibb.html>. This primary source book was written by a freed slave. His bias
pertains only to his experience as a slave. This supports the thesis as he described what his
fellow slaves did with their free and work time.
Courier Co. Plantation Banjo Player. 1875. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs
online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/var1993000248/PP/>.
This painting is a primary source. There appears to be no bias because the artist is not
implying our pressurizing anyone to do anything through the artwork. This supports the thesis
because it shows a slave using an instrument which is rear and when slaves did use instruments
it was almost always a banjo.
Douglass, Frederick. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Boston:
Anti-SlaveryOffice, 1845. Print. This flier is a primary source. This was published in 1845 and
their appears to be no bias therefore it is reliable. This displays the music of a violin
affecting a slaves life by giving them a recreational moment.
the First Cotton Gin. 1869. William L. Sheppard Lib. of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 10 Nov.
2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91784966/>. This source is a primary source. This
is not bias, this sketch is showing the working conditions of slaves on a plantation. Due to
the difficult work, slaves used songs to motivate them and get their work done.
Frederick Douglass, full length, seated beside grandson who is playing violin; facing right. N.d.
Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006679801/>. This image is a primary source. It has no
recorded date but there seems to be no bias. This image displays a man who made an impact on
slavery, with his nephew who is holding a violin which is a musical instrument.
Friedlander, Lee. Aretha Franklin head-and-shoulders portriat. 1968, printed 1983. Lib. of Congress,
Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007684747/>. This photograph of Aretha Franklin is a
primary source. There appears to be no bias because she is not implying anything through this
photo. This supports the thesis because it shows how slave music has effected the genres of
music, the songs that Aretha sings incorporates blues, jazz, and R&B.
Lange, Dorothea. Mississippi Negress hoeing cotton. She was born a slave "two years before the
surrender." June 1937. Library of Congress. Lib. Of Congress Prints and Photographs Online
Catalog, June 1937. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa2000001349/
PP/>. This photograph is a primary source. It is reliable because it was a realistic,
upstaged photograph of the African-American women working in a field. This photograph is an
example of the labor some African-Americans would go through. This demonstrates an occasion of
where African-Americans slaves would sing songs to help motivate them, whether it was for
deliverance or to get the job done.
Lindsley, H. B. Harriet Tubman, full-length portrait, standing with hands on back of a chair.
between 1860 and 1875. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online
Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003674596/>. This is a
primary source photograph that can be found in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. This
photo is not bias at all. This is supporting the thesis because Harriet Tubman was the leader
of the Underground railroad that used many coded songs to help slaves escape.
Lodriguss, Jerry. "Catching the Light." Ursa Major. Jerry Lodriguss, 1976. Web. 2 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.astropix.com/HTML/C_SPRING/URSAS.HTM>. This website is a primary source. The
author has very organized and visible space on copyright. This supports the thesis because it
shows the little dipper and bigger dipper which are the two constellations that point to the
Polaris (north star) which led many slaves to freedom.
Porter, J. W. "My Wife and Child, by a Soldier Poet." 1862. Lib. of Congress Prints and Photographs
Online Catalog, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/93514785/>. This sheet music cover is a primary source. This sheet music cover
was produced by a white producing company, they made the man on the front look very
professional and official therefore possibly showing a light bias. This shows how nicely they
print or present paper that are written or by white men.
The Sabbath Among slaves. 1849. Library of Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/93505751/>. This image is a primary source. There appears to be no bias
because the image is not encouraging the viewer to take sides with anything. The image shows
the viewer what activities slaves would have done on their free time, such as dancing, making
music, play fighting, or resting.
Winner's Improved method for the violin. 1854. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and
Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
89708524/>. This image is a primary source. This image has no bias the writing around it is
not encouraging anything. It is reliable because it is not taking sides. This shows that some
of the instruments slaves used were the violin.
Secondary Sources
Cassidy, Eva. "Wade in the Water." iTunes. Apple, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. <http://www.apple.com/
itunes/>. This song is a secondary source. This particular version is not the original
artist but a re-make by Eva Cassidy . The original singers and writers who created and
preformed it were slaves. This song encouraged slaves to escape to freedom by traveling or to
"wade" in the water. This song demonstrates when music became a helpful and
inspirational tool to the slaves during hard times.
Feelings, Tom. The Middle Passage. New York: Dial, 1995. N. pag. Print. This book is a secondary
source. It is not a first-hand account of the Middle Passage. Tom Feelings was not demanding in
the book, however he is an African-American man, he may have taken sides with the slaves. This
book states what instruments the slaves used to make music during the Middle Passage.
"Follow the Drinking Gourd." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 5 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/drinkinggourd.php>. This is a secondary source website.
The website provides lyrics of the song Follow the Drinking Gourd, it also includes an
extensive bibliography making it reliable. These lyrics specifically instructs the slaves on
how to reach freedom , which is showing how music effects slaves.
Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Bound for the North Star. New York: Clarion, 2000. Print. This book is a
secondary source. Dennis Brindell Fradin has written many trusted books, and appears to have no
bias. This book shows what slaves went through, and can help the researcher understand why
slaves sang songs to get through their daily lives and how to reach freedom. The author
provided true stories of fugitive slaves.
Glory. Edward Zwick. Youtube. N.p., 1989. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=0lQZF4c1G1I>. This is a secondary source video. There seems to be a bias because in
the video they would say "glory" or "lord" and many people have different
beliefs. This supports the thesis because it shows how slaves would spend their recreational
time.
Hayes, Lee. Follow The Drinking Gourd. 1928. Coded Slave Songs. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/index.htm>. This site is a secondary source. The
bias to this, is that this song encourages slaves to escape and helped many slaves reach
freedom. However this site is reliable because it has a very detailed contact us link with many
reliable sources. This has an impact on slavery because the Drinking Gourd which is a
constellation that points to the North Star, led the slaves to their freedom.
McGuinn, Roger. "Follow the Drinking Gourd." Folk Den. WordPress, 2005. Web. 9 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.ibiblio.org/jimmy/folkden-wp/?p=7026>. This sound recording of the song
Follow the Drinking Gourd is a secondary source. There appears to be no bias because the lyrics
are not pressuring anything they are only informing the slaves how to escape. This supports the
thesis because the song Follow the Drinking Gourd helped some slaves reach freedom.
"Music in Slave Life: Education Arts & Culture." Slavery and the Making of America. Educational
Broadcasting Corp., 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/
education/feature.html>. This website is a secondary source. It is not bias, it is neutral
and written by professionals that work for PBS. This website shows how slave music impact
today's style of music. It also states when and how slaves used religious, work , and
recreational songs in their daily lives.
Reading Rainbow. Follow the Drinking Gourd. Reading Rainbow. Learn 360, 2003. Learn 360. Web. 5 Feb.
2012. <http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=356241>. This video is a primary source.
This trusted website is recommended by the school and has trust worthy information. The video
shows how the Song Follow the Drinking Gourd assisted slaves with escape to freedom
"Respect." Dilandau. Dilandau, 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. <http://www.en.dilandau.eu/download_music/
respect-aretha-franklin-1.html>. This sound recording of the song Respect is a primary
source. There appear to be no bias in the song. This recording supports the thesis statement
because it shows how slave music effected the music we listen to today.
"Secrets: Signs & Symbols Follow the Drinking Gourd." Pathways to Freedom: Maryland & the
Underground Railroad. Maryland Public Television, 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011.
<http://pathways.thinkport.org/secrets/gourd1.cfm>. This website is a secondary source.
There appears to be no bias. This website takes the viewer on a walk through a slaves
footprints. It also states why songs like "Follow The Drinking Gourd" were helpful to
slaves and why it impacted their lives.
"Slave Songbook." Public Broadcasting Services. NPR, 1995. Web. 5 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=1JtD_YpyXYU>. This website is a
secondary source and so is this video that includes primary pictures. This is a reliable source
because it has a variety of pages about copyright and credits. This video supports the thesis
because it states how music was used in the slaves lives.
"Wade in the Water." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 28 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/wade.php#>. This is a secondary source. Which provides
song lyrics of Wade in the Water, that Harriet Tubman used to warn runaway slaves. Considering
the website included a extensive bibliography, it's reliable. These song lyrics demonstrate the
close relationship between abolition and music.
Works Consulted
Primary Sources
Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law. 1850. Lib. of Congress. Bound for the North Star. By Dennis
Brindell Fradin. New York: Clarion Books, 2000. 117. Print. This illustration of a slave being
beaten in the fields is a primary source. This source is useful because it shows the slaves
being treated poorly, and slaves created some of their songs, to get them through that type
treatment. This is reliable because it came from a historical non-fiction, well researched
book, with many primary sources and researched articles. The illustration itself might be bias
because it is showing how poorly the black slaves were treated by the white men.
The modern Medea - the story of Margaret Garner. 1867. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and
Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
99614263/>. This image is a primary source. This image shows two points of view one of the
African- American woman and one of the four white men. This supports the thesis because many
slaves escape by using music but some just do not make it.
"Political Map of the US: Slave and Free States." Map. Learn360. AIM Education, Inc., 2011. Web. 10
Nov. 2011. <http://www.learn360.com/
ShowVideo.aspx?ID=136988&MediaFormat=3360066&SearchText=slavery&Page=6>. This is a primary
source map of were there was and weren't slavery. There is no bias because this political map
is just showing the data of the time period where slavery was and weren't allowed. This
supports the thesis because since there was only slavery in certain areas the viewers would
have to know were those places were so that we could see were the slaves would runaway to up
north.
Thomas, Henry Atwell. Uncle Tom'sCabin. 1878. H.A. Thomas Lith. Studio.,, New York. Library of
Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/var1994000655/PP/>.
This piece of artwork is a primary source. It is not bias because the artwork is not
encouraging the viewer to take any sides. This artwork shows slaves during a recreational time
of enjoyment.
200 Reward. Ran away, subscriber . . . Five Negro Slaves. Chart. America's Story from America's
Library. Lib. of Congress, 1847. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
2005684861/>. This Reward poster, looking for runaway slaves from 1847 is a primary source.
Because this WANTED poster was not written by a professional, but by the person looking for the
slaves, there may be some bias. This broadside shows that many slaves headed north to freedom.
Secondary Sources
"Darling Nelly Gray." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 28 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/nellygray.php>. This source is a secondary source and is
not bias. This website is reliable because it provided countless contact information concluding
that the creators weren't afraid to state that the site is their work. This website states how
the song was a major influence and a big impact on the opinion of slavery. It also states that
this slave song impacted the election of Abraham Lincoln for president of the United States in
1860.
Primary Sources
American Missionary Association. Jubilee Singers, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn. between 1870 and
1880. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan.
2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647805/>. This photograph is a very reliable
primary source. There is no bias in this source because the anonymous author is not picking a
side or persuading the viewer into something. This supports the thesis because it shows the
original singer of a very famous slave song "Wade in the Water".
Bensell, Edmund Birckhead. The Day of Jubelo. 1865. Library of Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647792/>. This piece of artwork is a primary
source. There appears to be no bias. This artwork is not encouraging anything, it is only
showing a few African- Americans dancing and children playing. This artwork helps create an
image of what instruments slaves would have danced too, like banjos. It also shows how music
increased the lively hood amongst slaves.
Bibb, Henry. Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave. New York:
Author, 1849. Documenting the American South. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/
neh/bibb/bibb.html>. This primary source book was written by a freed slave. His bias
pertains only to his experience as a slave. This supports the thesis as he described what his
fellow slaves did with their free and work time.
Courier Co. Plantation Banjo Player. 1875. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs
online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/var1993000248/PP/>.
This painting is a primary source. There appears to be no bias because the artist is not
implying our pressurizing anyone to do anything through the artwork. This supports the thesis
because it shows a slave using an instrument which is rear and when slaves did use instruments
it was almost always a banjo.
Douglass, Frederick. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Boston:
Anti-SlaveryOffice, 1845. Print. This flier is a primary source. This was published in 1845 and
their appears to be no bias therefore it is reliable. This displays the music of a violin
affecting a slaves life by giving them a recreational moment.
the First Cotton Gin. 1869. William L. Sheppard Lib. of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 10 Nov.
2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91784966/>. This source is a primary source. This
is not bias, this sketch is showing the working conditions of slaves on a plantation. Due to
the difficult work, slaves used songs to motivate them and get their work done.
Frederick Douglass, full length, seated beside grandson who is playing violin; facing right. N.d.
Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006679801/>. This image is a primary source. It has no
recorded date but there seems to be no bias. This image displays a man who made an impact on
slavery, with his nephew who is holding a violin which is a musical instrument.
Friedlander, Lee. Aretha Franklin head-and-shoulders portriat. 1968, printed 1983. Lib. of Congress,
Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007684747/>. This photograph of Aretha Franklin is a
primary source. There appears to be no bias because she is not implying anything through this
photo. This supports the thesis because it shows how slave music has effected the genres of
music, the songs that Aretha sings incorporates blues, jazz, and R&B.
Lange, Dorothea. Mississippi Negress hoeing cotton. She was born a slave "two years before the
surrender." June 1937. Library of Congress. Lib. Of Congress Prints and Photographs Online
Catalog, June 1937. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa2000001349/
PP/>. This photograph is a primary source. It is reliable because it was a realistic,
upstaged photograph of the African-American women working in a field. This photograph is an
example of the labor some African-Americans would go through. This demonstrates an occasion of
where African-Americans slaves would sing songs to help motivate them, whether it was for
deliverance or to get the job done.
Lindsley, H. B. Harriet Tubman, full-length portrait, standing with hands on back of a chair.
between 1860 and 1875. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and Photographs Online
Catalog. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003674596/>. This is a
primary source photograph that can be found in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. This
photo is not bias at all. This is supporting the thesis because Harriet Tubman was the leader
of the Underground railroad that used many coded songs to help slaves escape.
Lodriguss, Jerry. "Catching the Light." Ursa Major. Jerry Lodriguss, 1976. Web. 2 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.astropix.com/HTML/C_SPRING/URSAS.HTM>. This website is a primary source. The
author has very organized and visible space on copyright. This supports the thesis because it
shows the little dipper and bigger dipper which are the two constellations that point to the
Polaris (north star) which led many slaves to freedom.
Porter, J. W. "My Wife and Child, by a Soldier Poet." 1862. Lib. of Congress Prints and Photographs
Online Catalog, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/93514785/>. This sheet music cover is a primary source. This sheet music cover
was produced by a white producing company, they made the man on the front look very
professional and official therefore possibly showing a light bias. This shows how nicely they
print or present paper that are written or by white men.
The Sabbath Among slaves. 1849. Library of Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/93505751/>. This image is a primary source. There appears to be no bias
because the image is not encouraging the viewer to take sides with anything. The image shows
the viewer what activities slaves would have done on their free time, such as dancing, making
music, play fighting, or resting.
Winner's Improved method for the violin. 1854. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and
Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
89708524/>. This image is a primary source. This image has no bias the writing around it is
not encouraging anything. It is reliable because it is not taking sides. This shows that some
of the instruments slaves used were the violin.
Secondary Sources
Cassidy, Eva. "Wade in the Water." iTunes. Apple, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. <http://www.apple.com/
itunes/>. This song is a secondary source. This particular version is not the original
artist but a re-make by Eva Cassidy . The original singers and writers who created and
preformed it were slaves. This song encouraged slaves to escape to freedom by traveling or to
"wade" in the water. This song demonstrates when music became a helpful and
inspirational tool to the slaves during hard times.
Feelings, Tom. The Middle Passage. New York: Dial, 1995. N. pag. Print. This book is a secondary
source. It is not a first-hand account of the Middle Passage. Tom Feelings was not demanding in
the book, however he is an African-American man, he may have taken sides with the slaves. This
book states what instruments the slaves used to make music during the Middle Passage.
"Follow the Drinking Gourd." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 5 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/drinkinggourd.php>. This is a secondary source website.
The website provides lyrics of the song Follow the Drinking Gourd, it also includes an
extensive bibliography making it reliable. These lyrics specifically instructs the slaves on
how to reach freedom , which is showing how music effects slaves.
Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Bound for the North Star. New York: Clarion, 2000. Print. This book is a
secondary source. Dennis Brindell Fradin has written many trusted books, and appears to have no
bias. This book shows what slaves went through, and can help the researcher understand why
slaves sang songs to get through their daily lives and how to reach freedom. The author
provided true stories of fugitive slaves.
Glory. Edward Zwick. Youtube. N.p., 1989. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=0lQZF4c1G1I>. This is a secondary source video. There seems to be a bias because in
the video they would say "glory" or "lord" and many people have different
beliefs. This supports the thesis because it shows how slaves would spend their recreational
time.
Hayes, Lee. Follow The Drinking Gourd. 1928. Coded Slave Songs. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/index.htm>. This site is a secondary source. The
bias to this, is that this song encourages slaves to escape and helped many slaves reach
freedom. However this site is reliable because it has a very detailed contact us link with many
reliable sources. This has an impact on slavery because the Drinking Gourd which is a
constellation that points to the North Star, led the slaves to their freedom.
McGuinn, Roger. "Follow the Drinking Gourd." Folk Den. WordPress, 2005. Web. 9 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.ibiblio.org/jimmy/folkden-wp/?p=7026>. This sound recording of the song
Follow the Drinking Gourd is a secondary source. There appears to be no bias because the lyrics
are not pressuring anything they are only informing the slaves how to escape. This supports the
thesis because the song Follow the Drinking Gourd helped some slaves reach freedom.
"Music in Slave Life: Education Arts & Culture." Slavery and the Making of America. Educational
Broadcasting Corp., 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/
education/feature.html>. This website is a secondary source. It is not bias, it is neutral
and written by professionals that work for PBS. This website shows how slave music impact
today's style of music. It also states when and how slaves used religious, work , and
recreational songs in their daily lives.
Reading Rainbow. Follow the Drinking Gourd. Reading Rainbow. Learn 360, 2003. Learn 360. Web. 5 Feb.
2012. <http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=356241>. This video is a primary source.
This trusted website is recommended by the school and has trust worthy information. The video
shows how the Song Follow the Drinking Gourd assisted slaves with escape to freedom
"Respect." Dilandau. Dilandau, 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. <http://www.en.dilandau.eu/download_music/
respect-aretha-franklin-1.html>. This sound recording of the song Respect is a primary
source. There appear to be no bias in the song. This recording supports the thesis statement
because it shows how slave music effected the music we listen to today.
"Secrets: Signs & Symbols Follow the Drinking Gourd." Pathways to Freedom: Maryland & the
Underground Railroad. Maryland Public Television, 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011.
<http://pathways.thinkport.org/secrets/gourd1.cfm>. This website is a secondary source.
There appears to be no bias. This website takes the viewer on a walk through a slaves
footprints. It also states why songs like "Follow The Drinking Gourd" were helpful to
slaves and why it impacted their lives.
"Slave Songbook." Public Broadcasting Services. NPR, 1995. Web. 5 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=1JtD_YpyXYU>. This website is a
secondary source and so is this video that includes primary pictures. This is a reliable source
because it has a variety of pages about copyright and credits. This video supports the thesis
because it states how music was used in the slaves lives.
"Wade in the Water." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 28 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/wade.php#>. This is a secondary source. Which provides
song lyrics of Wade in the Water, that Harriet Tubman used to warn runaway slaves. Considering
the website included a extensive bibliography, it's reliable. These song lyrics demonstrate the
close relationship between abolition and music.
Works Consulted
Primary Sources
Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law. 1850. Lib. of Congress. Bound for the North Star. By Dennis
Brindell Fradin. New York: Clarion Books, 2000. 117. Print. This illustration of a slave being
beaten in the fields is a primary source. This source is useful because it shows the slaves
being treated poorly, and slaves created some of their songs, to get them through that type
treatment. This is reliable because it came from a historical non-fiction, well researched
book, with many primary sources and researched articles. The illustration itself might be bias
because it is showing how poorly the black slaves were treated by the white men.
The modern Medea - the story of Margaret Garner. 1867. Lib. of Congress, Washington, D.C. Prints and
Photographs Online Catalog. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
99614263/>. This image is a primary source. This image shows two points of view one of the
African- American woman and one of the four white men. This supports the thesis because many
slaves escape by using music but some just do not make it.
"Political Map of the US: Slave and Free States." Map. Learn360. AIM Education, Inc., 2011. Web. 10
Nov. 2011. <http://www.learn360.com/
ShowVideo.aspx?ID=136988&MediaFormat=3360066&SearchText=slavery&Page=6>. This is a primary
source map of were there was and weren't slavery. There is no bias because this political map
is just showing the data of the time period where slavery was and weren't allowed. This
supports the thesis because since there was only slavery in certain areas the viewers would
have to know were those places were so that we could see were the slaves would runaway to up
north.
Thomas, Henry Atwell. Uncle Tom'sCabin. 1878. H.A. Thomas Lith. Studio.,, New York. Library of
Congress. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/var1994000655/PP/>.
This piece of artwork is a primary source. It is not bias because the artwork is not
encouraging the viewer to take any sides. This artwork shows slaves during a recreational time
of enjoyment.
200 Reward. Ran away, subscriber . . . Five Negro Slaves. Chart. America's Story from America's
Library. Lib. of Congress, 1847. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/
2005684861/>. This Reward poster, looking for runaway slaves from 1847 is a primary source.
Because this WANTED poster was not written by a professional, but by the person looking for the
slaves, there may be some bias. This broadside shows that many slaves headed north to freedom.
Secondary Sources
"Darling Nelly Gray." Owen Sound's Black History. City of Owen Sound, 2004. Web. 28 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.osblackhistory.com/nellygray.php>. This source is a secondary source and is
not bias. This website is reliable because it provided countless contact information concluding
that the creators weren't afraid to state that the site is their work. This website states how
the song was a major influence and a big impact on the opinion of slavery. It also states that
this slave song impacted the election of Abraham Lincoln for president of the United States in
1860.